Pennsylvania Canal

The first notable canal in Pennsylvania was built in 1797. Boats needed to get around Conewago Falls on the Susquehanna River near York Haven. The privately built, 1.25 mile canal had two locks to help boats over a 19 foot elevation. Using the canal, boats could now traverse the Susquehanna both downstream and upstream. Before the canal, most boats traveled south only and stopped at Middletown to unload their goods, which then were shipped by wagon 100 miles to Philadelphia. After the canal was built both Middletown and York Haven became important flour milling centers, turning the raw wheat that came down the river from farms into flour before it traveled downstream to Columbia, where it shipped to Philadelphia on what became US Rt 30.

In 1824 the legislature approved the construction of the "Main Line of Public Works", which was a canal system throughout the state. By 1834 the Public Works was transporting people and goods from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, 391 miles through a system of canals, railroads and inclined planes.

The Susquehanna Division of the canal was located north of Harrisburg at the mouth of the Juniata River and ended at the canal basin in Northumberland.
There are PA Historical markers on Rt 15 north of Amity Hall and on Rt 15 north of Liverpool.

The Wiconisco Canal also started near the mouth of the Juniata at Duncans Island, but traveled 12 miles to Millersburg, overcoming a 35 foot elevation change and enabled easier transport of coal from the Lykens Valley.

By 1850 the railroads were starting to take more and more business from the canal systems. In 1857 the state sold the Main Line to the Pennsylvania Railroad. By 1859 the state was completely out of the canal business. The railroads continued to use the canals to move freight and even formed the Pennsylvania Canal Company in 1867. By 1900 most canals in Pennsylvania were no longer in use.

Fulgurite

Fulgurite is a glass tube that is formed when lightning strikes the earth, especially in sandy soils or in areas where quartz is present. It can also be formed on the surface of a rock. Fulgurite is somewhat difficult to locate and hard to recover without breaking. Areas that are prone to lightning strikes are the best places to find fulgurite.

York County and parts of Adams and Cumberland counties all have many iron ore deposits near the surface. This can generate more lightning strikes, especially ground strikes, which could produce fulgurite. In searching eBay for minerals I have seen numerous postings of York County fulgurite! Several of my York county friends report that they live in areas that seem more prone to lightning problems than other neighbors, even right down the road.

Wikipedia has a nice write up on Fulgurite.

South Central PA Timeline

1600 - 5,000 to 7,000 Susquehannock indians live in the area.

1608 - Captain John Smith travels up the Susquehanna.

1642 - Maryland governor orders Susquehannock indians shot on sight.

1649 - Susquehannocks fight Virgina Puritans in northern Maryland.

1652 - Susquehannocks sign treaty, give up all Maryland claims.

1654 - Smallpox hits the Susquehannock indian villages.

1656 - Susquehannocks end 6 year long war, make peace with the Mohawks.

1661 - Smallpox decimates the Susquehannock, population never recovers.

1669 - Susquehannocks down to only 300 warriors.

1675 - Susquehannock indians decimated by war with the Iroquois.

1676 - Susquehannock surrender to the Iroquois, move to Mohawk lands.

1706 - Iroquois allow 300 Susquehannocks to move back to central PA.

1719 - John Harris Sr. settled at present day Harrisburg.

1727 - John Harris, founder of Harrisburg born.

1730 - Hanover settled.
1730 - Shippensburg settled in July 1730 along Burds Run.

1735 - Widow Pipers Tavern built in Shippensburg.

1733 - John Harris Sr. aqquires 800 acre land grant at Harrisburg

1737 - Monaghan Presbyterian Church founded in present day Dillsburg.
1737 - Boiling Springs area settled.
1737 - Big Spring Presbyterian Meeting House erected.

1740 - Greater Conewago Presbyterian Church formed in Hunterstown.
1740 - Old Paxton Presbyterian Church built in Paxtang.
1740 - Fort Franklin (log fort) built near Shippensburg.

1741 - York founded by settlers from the Philadelphia area.
1741 - Hunterstown founded.

1745 - Monaghan Township formed.
1745 - Warrington Friends Meeting House established near Wellsville.

1749 - York County created from Lancaster County August 19, 1749.

1751 - Carlisle laid out by Scots-Irish immigrants.

1753 - Benjamin Franklin stayed at the Green Tree Inn, Carlisle.

1763 - The last 20 Susquehannock indians were killed by Paxton Boys mob.

1764 - James Joner laid out Dover on 203 acres, called Jonerstown until 1815.

1773 - Dickinson College founded at Carlisle.

1775 - Cumberland Riflemen fight in Quebec.

1782 - Carlisle incorporated as borough on April 13, 1782.

1783 - Dickinson College chartered.

1785 - Harrisburg laid out and surveyed.
1785 - Dauphin County was created from Lancaster County.

1787 - York incorporated as a borough on Sept. 24, 1787.
1787 - Riot at Carlisle against a planned march in favor of US constitution.

1790 - Newville laid out by Big Spring Presbyterian Church trustees.

1791 - Harrisburg incorporated.
1791 - The "Oracle of Dauphin", first local newspaper published.

1793 - George Washington has his horse shod at Hunterstown.
1793 - Federal troops assemble at Carlisle during the Whiskey Rebellion.

1795 - Failed attempt to move state capital to Carlisle.

1797 - Conewago Canal built near York Haven.
1797 - Earliest note of Encampment of Knights Templar at Harrisburg.

1798 - First public execution at Harrisburg

1799 - George and Martha Washington visit York Sulphur Springs resort.

1806 - Mechanicsburg area settled.

1809 - Harrisburg Academy established.

1812 - Harrisburg named state capitol.

1814 - Harrisburg Bible Society established.
1814 - Harrisburg Bank chartered with $300,000 capital.

1815 - Hanover incorporated as a borough.

1816 - The Harrisburg Bridge opens, toll houses completed 1817.

1819 - Shippensburg incorporated as a borough on January 21.

1820 - David "Robber" Lewis, the Robin Hood of PA, died.

1824 - State approved the construction of the Pennsylvania Canal.

1825 - Gen. Lafayette and son visit Middletown and Harrisburg.
1825 - Riot at Harrisburg over a captured runaway slave.
1825 - First steamboats arrive on the Susquehanna at Harrisburg.

1826 - Lutheran Theological Seminary founded at Gettysburg.

1828 - Mechanicsburg incorporated as a borough on April 12, 1828.
1828 - Harrisburg Masonic Lodge closes due to public distrust.
1828 - First water in Pennsylvania Canal at Harrisburg.

1831 - New Cumberland incorporated as a borough on March 21, 1831.
1831 - Great Snow Storm, over 2' of drifting snow buries the area.

1832 - Gettysburg College founded.

1833 - The Great Meteor Shower was witnessed by area residents.

1834 - Dickinson School of Law founded at Dickinson College in Carlisle.

1835 - Joseph Ritner, Governor 1835-1839

1836 - The first locomotive train arrives in Harrisburg from Middletown.

1837 - Cumberland Valley Rail Road opens from Lemoyne to Chambersburg.

1839 - Railroad bridge across the Susquehanna to Harrisburg completed.
1839 - Harrisburg Sunday School Teachers Union formed.

1841 - Harrisburg builds new $40,000 prison.
1841 - Harrisburg Water Works completed.
1841 - Harrisburg Masonic Lodge reopens after 13 year closure.

1845 - Harrisburg Cemetary Association incorporated on Feb 14.

1846 - Flood takes out two Susquehanna bridges at Harrisburg.

1847 - Iron ore discovered in Dillsburg.

1849 - Harrisburg Female Seminary established.

1850 - Harrisburg Gas Company incorporated.
1850 - "American Whig", first daily Harrisburg newspaper.

1851 - Harrisburg Lunatic Hospital completed on 130 acre farm.

1852 - Harrisburg Borough Item newspaper founded by George Crap.

1853 - Pennsylvania Female College established at Harrisburg.

1857 - State sold the Pennsylvania Canal to Pennsylvania Railroad.
1857 - Harrisburg Building Association established.
1857 - Irving Female College established in Mechanicsburg.

1864 - Dover incorporated.

1866 - Pennsylvania Steel Company opens in Steelton.

1871 - The Normal School founded, now known as Shippensburg University.

1872 - Dillsburg branch of the railroad completed.
1872 - First Granger's Picnic at Williams Grove.

1885 - Camp Hill incorporated as a borough on November 10, 1885.

1887 - York incorporated as a city.

1905 - Lemoyne (formerly Bridgeport)incorporated as borough on May 23, 1905.

1906 - Thomas Edison visited local mining operations.

1917 - The first Pennsylvania Farm Show held at Harrisburg.

1929 - Irving Female College in Mechanicsburg closes.

1936 - Last train through downtown Carlisle on Oct. 17, 1936.

1949 - Allenberry Playhouse opens at Boiling Springs.

1972 - Hurricane Agnes brings major flood in June 1972.

1979 - Three Mile Island nuclear disaster March 28, 1979.

Dillsburg Post Office

The first Dillsburg Post Office was established in 1816. In 1913 the postmaster relocated the post office to a 3 story building at the corner of York Street and South Baltimore Street.

The post office occupied half of the ground floor of the building. The lobby was separated from the mail room by a series of oak panels. The panels were fabricated by Federal Equipment Company of New York, New York and Carlisle Pennsylvania. A standard practice of the time, the prefabricated panels were selected from a catalog by the postmasters so that they could design a post office that fit their local need for space and customer services. The panels, roughly the size of a door, were then assembled on site by the postmaster.



Panels selected for Dillsburg included a "General Delivery" window, a "Registry" mail window, and a "Mail Order" window. The post office door was marked "Postmaster". Also included in the post office was a section for 108 rental lock boxes so customers could get their mail even if the windows were closed.

This post office remained in operation until 1971. Thanks to local residents and representatives of the American History Museum the interior panels were dismantled and relocated to the Smithsonian's American History Museum. In 1993 it was moved to the National Postal Museum at 2 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington DC.

The current Dillsburg post office has been in operation since 1971.
It is located at 28 North Baltimore Street.

Turquoise

Pennsylvania has a lot of different geology and minerals. Usually we associate PA with coal, limestone and iron. There are lots of other elements found too, just not as much or as concentrated.

There are various gemstones found in eastern Pennsylvania, but surprisingly there is a location in south central PA that has a deposit of turquoise. The mineral is found at Waggoners Gap along Route 74 in Cumberland county.

There is a parking area along Route 74 at the gap with a great view. All around that area the terrain is very rocky and you can see where great rock layers push out of the ground , an ancient layer of the earths crust exposed.

The mineral can be seen as a blue-green mineralization on the older rock. You may or may not see it from the road, but walking into the woods a short ways, you will start to detect the blue-green color on the boulders and rocks.

Note: This is not a "vein" of turquoise, merely traces. You will not be able to "chip off a piece". The rocks are extremely hard. With the right hammer you might get lucky and break off a piece of rock that has a little blue-green on it.
So, while not really a good treasure hunt, it is still pretty cool to be able to see and recognize this mineral that is so unusual in Pennsylvania, right in Cumberland County. Note: the area of rocks extends up the mountain into Perry County too.

Skirmish at Sporting Hill

During the Gettysburg Campaign of the Civil War, southern Lt General Richard Ewell led two divisions up the Hagerstown Valley and into the Cumberland Valley.
Part of his cavalry, a brigade led by Brig. General Albert Jenkins raided Mechanicsburg on June 28, 1863. On June 29 Jenkins briefly skirmished with the 22nd and 37th New York Infantry at Sporting Hill, just west of Camp Hill. The confederates pressed on to the outer defenses of Fort Couch, which is located on the hills of Lemoyne, overlooking Harrisburg. They exchanged fire with the outer picket line for over an hour. Then they retreated back toward Carlisle to rejoin Ewell's infantry for the march to Gettysburg. Losses were listed as 11 union and 16 from the 16th and 36th Virginia Calvary.

Hunterstown

Hunterstown, PA is located on Route 394, 1 mile east of Route 15 near Gettysburg. Route 394 is the modern version of "Black's Gap Road", which was the main east-west road of its day. The Great Conewago Presbyterian Church was formed here in 1740 and the town was founded in 1741. Originally called Woodstock, it was later renamed Hunterstown after David Hunter.

The Grass Hotel was built there in the 1700's. The town had a doctor, blacksmith, shoemaker, watchmaker, undertaker, tailor and wagon builder. It is the second oldest town in Adams County and once vied for county seat.

President George Washington stopped at the Taft Farm and blacksmith shop to have his horse shod when returning to Washington from the Whiskey Rebellion in October 1793.

In the 1800's there were many families that operated chair making businesses in Hunterstown. During the 1830's John C. Studebaker operated a wagon building business between Hunterstown and Heidlersburg, making the Conestoga wagons that were to become famous as America moved west. His descendants later moved to Indiana and used their skills to build the largest company for building wagons and carriages. Their company later produced Studebaker automobiles. A good part of that story can be found here.

In the Civil War, the Felty and Gilbert farms were the scene of a battle on July 2, 1863 between the cavalries of George Custer and Cobb's Georgia Legion, where Custer is said to have narrowly escaped with his life. It is rumored that confederate soldiers were buried on the Felty farm. The Grass Hotel was used as a field headquarters and field hospital during the battle at Gettysburg. The National Park Service has recently (Sept 2006) recognized Hunterstown, known as the North Cavalry Fields, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign. An excellent description of the battle is located here.

In the late 1800's and early 1900's Hunterstown was the headquarters of the Reliance Mining and Milling Corp, a large local employer. Hunterstown was at one time prosperous enough to have a guard unit and a baseball team. Today the village is home to just 100 people.

There is a Hunterstown historical group, their page can be found here.

The Fruit Industry

Farmers in the area experimented with the growing of fruit trees and berries with some success. It became known that areas of Northern Adams county, Northern York county and to a lesser degree parts of the Cumberland Valley were good places to grow fruit. They had the proper soils and conditions that allowed fruits to thrive without much caring required.

Northern Adams county in particular was ideal. With an elevation of just 700 feet, an average temperature of 54 degrees, a 180 day growing season and an annual rainfall of 45 inches, as well as rolling hills, the orchards were not prone to freezing or drought.

The apple orchards had their ups and downs in the early 1800's, as poor transportation methods made fruit more of a local product. Farmers tended to concentrate more on traditional crops and just use a few acres for fruit.

By the mid 1800's the first commercial orchard, known as Fairview Fruit Farm was planted just north of Fox Hollow in Franklin Township (York County?). Other orchards started to spring up throughout northern Adams. In 1893 the owners of an orchard between Arendtsville and Cashtown went to the Worlds Fair in Chicago to display their fruit and received the first commercial orders for apples to be shipped out of Adams county to a national market. With the improved rail links developed in the second half of the 1800's it was possible to ship fresh fruits by train to the larger cities. Many family fortunes were made by the fruit farmers of our area. Growing up in the local area I heard the term "fruit barons" used more than once to describe some of the large family operations in the area.

There was also growth in the industry of processing and canning fruit. Apples were often cut into slices and packed in barrels for transport. The Biglerville Canning Company was founded in 1905 and was purchased by the C.H. Musselman family in 1907. A cousin, I.Z. Musselman started a cannery in Orrtanna. I.Z. pioneered the red tart canned cherry industry in the area. Other plants sprung up in Peach Glen and Gardners. The Peach Glen plant was eventually sold to M.E. Knouse. By the 1920's the industry started to include fruit juices. CH Musselman became a corporation and began to buy up farms in the area. The depresion was hard on the area and many families had to sell. Applesauce became very popular and sliced apples fell from favor. Musselmans constructed the first applesauce processing machines, which helped create a market for all the apples that were bruised or otherwise unfit for sale. By 1934 all of Musselmans production was switched to applesauce. World War II came along and drove up the demand for canned fruit and the local canning operations flourished. Musselmans continued to buy farms and by the 1970's owned 6,000 acres.

Knouse Foods, which started at Peach Glen, began to grow and buy other plants, starting with the I.Z. Musselman plant and farms at Orrtanna. The company eventually bought other plants in Chambersburg and Scotland, PA.
M.E. Knouse once sold his farms to C.H. Musselman in 1957, but later regretted the move and starting in 1959 he bought seven farms still in operation by the Knouse family. In 1984 Knouse Foods purchased what had been the C.H. Musselman Company. Today Knouse Foods is the largest industry in Adams county and one of the largest apple processing companies in the world.

Another giant fruit processor, Motts Inc. is also located in Adams county. Mott's started in New York in 1842 and produced apple cider. It merged with the Duffy Cider Company in 1914 and started production of applesauce in 1930 and apple juice in 1938. Duffy-Mott bought a processing plant in Aspers, Adams County, PA in 1950. American Brands purchased Duffy-Mott in 1968. A London, England company, Cadbury Schweppes, bought Duffy-Mott in 1982. Today it is known as Mott's Inc and has two plants, Aspers and Williamson, NY. and produces 17 million cases of apple products per year.

York Sulphur Springs

The first settlers in the York Springs area in the 1700's found that the water had a high content of sulphur and various salts. People came to the springs just to drink and soak in the water. At some point an old style inn and tavern was built that housed up to 50 guests. That building was replaced in 1790 with a larger T shaped structure. The new building was very beautiful, set in a hillside, with balconies, arbors and very well kept grounds. It could now house 150 guests.

The place became known as a resort and was very popular with many people from Philadelphia and Baltimore. The stagecoach companies made York Springs a regular stop and there was daily service to and from the cities of Baltimore and Philadelphia. Yes, even George and Martha Washington spent some time at the resort in summer 1799. The resort was very popular through the first third of the 1800's. There was drinking, dancing, croquet, bowling, and even amusement rides installed for the children. The inn was often completely full and local farmers rented rooms in their homes to guests who could not get into the main resort.

By the end of the 1830's railroads became the choice mode of transportation. The rail lines gave people more access to places on the Atlantic coast and the beaches grew as resort destinations. The resort at York Sulphur Springs quickly fell out of favor and deteriorated. The main building was destroyed by fire on January 8, 1896.

There is an organization called "Ye Olde Sulphur Spa Historical Society" which meets regularly in York Springs. You can find their web site here.

The CVRR

As this area grew in the early 1800's so did the number of towns and roads. Produce and products, as well as people and raw materials all relied on horses, mules, wagons and stagecoaches for transportation. Using a combination of railroads and canals the state of Pennsylvania had a good bulk transport system that could carry goods, but the locals had to get the goods to the river or railroad in Harrisburg or York in order to ship them. In the 1830's a group of businessmen won a charter from the state to build a feeder line to serve the Cumberland Valley. In August of 1837 the first seventeen mile link opened, connecting Carlisle to Bridgeport (now known as Lemoyne) and the Cumberland Valley Rail Road was born. Hundreds of people rode the train named "Cumberland Valley" on August 12, 1837 for the inaugural run. Later that year another 33 mile segment was completed to Chambersburg, and by January 1839 the railway bridge across the Susquehanna River was completed, allowing the CVRR to connect with major railroads in Harrisburg, where travel to Philadelphia and beyond was possible. People and goods could now leave Carlisle at 9 AM and arrive in Philadelphia by 6 PM. Travelers from Pittsburgh would ride the stagecoach over the mountains at Bedford to arrive in Chambersburg, then take the train the rest of the way to Philadelphia.

As you can imagine, the railroads ruled the valley. Everybody and everything that moved went by rail. Every town along the way either had a station or at least some pickup locations that looked like modern day school bus shelters.
Mechanicsburg was designated as a water station where the steam locomotives were refueled with wood and water. In all the towns along the route factories, graineries, lumber yards and businesses located along the railroad. As many as 25 trains per day traveled the line carrying passengers and freight, newspapers and mail. There was a stationmaster house and passenger station built in Mechanicsburg.

The railroad was a dominant monopoly in the area, employing nearly 2000 people and controlling the movement of everything in the valley. It's lines eventually reached Greencastle, then Hagarstown and on to Winchester, Virginia. The Pennsylvania Rail Road owned a controlling share of the stock since 1859 and finally incorporated the CVRR into the PRR in 1919.

The iron ore that was being mined still had to be brought to the rail stations via mule drawn wagons. Various railroad spurs were built to reach out to the iron producing areas like Pine Grove Furnace, Boiling Springs, Mount Holly and Dillsburg. The 8 mile long Dillsburg connection was completed in 1872 and service began in February 1873. There was a station built to service the Dillsburg branch along Trindle Road, which still stands today. There was also a station built at Williams Grove, a popular picnic and fairground. The largest number of passengers carried in one day on the Dillsburg spur was 32,750 people on 110 trains (754 cars) to the Grangers Picnic at Williams Grove in 1892. This line was upgraded to an electric train in 1906. Passenger service to Dillsburg was discontinued in 1928.

The CVRR tracks ran right down the center of High Street in Carlisle. The last train to traveled through the town on October 17, 1936. The railroad built bypasses around Carlisle and other towns to avoid the slow speeds and crossings in town.

The PRR shut down all passenger service on the line in 1952. The last New York to Roanoke train ran in 1961. The PRR was succeeded by The Penn Central Railroad, which closed all the train repair facilities at Chambersburg in 1972. Conrail took over in 1976 and severed the line between Carlisle and Shippensburg. They combined some tracks with the Reading Company and the resulting line is known as the Lurgan Branch and has been operated by Norfolk Southern since 1999. Conrail abandoned most of the spurs in the area in 1976. The Dillsburg branch operated until about 1976, carrying freight to the lumber yards and grain mill. The tracks crossed Route 15 just south of Route 74, next to 84 Lumber. Blinking lights used to stop traffic on the highway as the train crossed. The track at Dillsburg and many of the other local spurs was removed in approximately 1980.

The CVRR was the first railroad to offer a sleeper car, which was just a converted passenger car that had upholstered board beds that folded up to the wall and had shades on the windows.

One of the locomotives that served the CVRR is on display at the National Museum of Industrial History in Bethlehem, PA.